Treinamento da memória de trabalho para idosos saudáveis ou com demências
Abstract
Resumo
O treinamento da memória de trabalho visa melhora nas habilidades cognitivas e qualidade de vida do indivÃduo. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento e reabilitação em memória de trabalho no perfil cognitivo e na capacidade funcional no envelhecimento saudável e nas demências. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de 30 artigos publicados nas bases Google Acadêmico e Web of Science entre 2010 e 2018. As intervenções proporcionaram melhora na capacidade da memória e rapidez de processamento dos pacientes. A transferência de aprendizagem para habilidades não-treinadas e manutenção dos ganhos em longo prazo foramefeitos pouco encontrados nos estudos. As técnicas adotadas baseiam-se na psicologia cognitiva experimental (chunking, imagem mental, tarefa n-back, span espacial e de dÃgitos) e no treino de resolução de problemas da abordagem comportamental. A revisão favorece a prática baseada em evidências e tem implicações na compreensão das mudanças neurocognitivas contingentes à s intervenções psicológicas estruturadas.
Palavras-chave: memória de trabalho; treinamento; envelhecimento saudável; demências; perfil cognitivo; capacidade funcional.
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Resumen
El entrenamiento de la memoria de trabajo busca mejorar las habilidades cognitivas y la calidad de vida del individuo. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los efectos del entrenamiento y rehabilitación en memoria de trabajo en el perfil cognitivo y en la capacidad funcional en el envejecimiento sano y en las demencias. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de 30 artÃculos publicados en las bases Google Académico y Web of Science entre 2010 y 2018. Las intervenciones proporcionaron mejorÃa en la capacidad de la memoria y rapidez de procesamiento de los pacientes. La transferencia de aprendizaje a las habilidades no entrenadas y el mantenimiento de las ganancias a largo plazo fueron efectos poco encontrados en los estudios. Las técnicas adoptadas se basan en la psicologÃa cognitiva experimental (chunking, imagen mental, tarea n-back, span espacial y de dÃgitos) y en el entrenamiento de resolución de problemas del abordaje conductual. La revisión favorece la práctica basada en evidencias y tiene implicaciones en la comprensión de los cambios neurocognitivos contingentes a las intervenciones psicológicas estructuradas.
Palabras clave: memoria de trabajo; formación; envejecimiento sano; demencia; perfil cognitivo; capacidad funcional.
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Abstract
Working memory training is an element for improving the cognitive abilities and quality of life of the individual. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of training and rehabilitation in working memory, cognitive profile and functional capacity in healthy aging and dementia. A systematic review of 30 articles published in the Google Scholar and Web of Science databases between 2010 and 2018 was carried out. The interventions provided improvement in the memory capacity and processing speed of the patients. The transfer of learning to untrained skills and the maintenance of long-term gains were little found in the studies. The adopted techniques are based on experimental cognitive psychology (chunking, mental image, n-back task, spatial and digit span) and on problem-solving training in the behavioral approach. The review favors evidence-based practice and shows implications for the understanding of contingent neurocognitive changes to structured psychological interventions.
Keywords: working memory; training; healthy aging; dementia; cognitive profile; functional capacity.
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